PDF Adolescent Reproductive Health in Bangladesh

This report was prepared by the POLICY Project as part of a 13-country study of adolescent reproductive health issues, policies, and programs on behalf of the Asia/Near East Bureau of USAID. Dr. Karen Hardee, Director of Research for the POLICY Project oversaw the study.

This paper on adolescent reproductive health (ARH) status in Bangladesh is part of a series of assessments in 13 countries in Asia and Near East. 1 The purpose of this assessment is to highlight the reproductive health status in each country, within the context of the lives of adolescent boys and girls. The paper begins with social issues—the issues that need to be addressed to meet the reproductive health needs of adolescents. It also outlines specific ARH issues, legal and policy issues related to ARH, current in-country programs on ARH, its operational barriers, and concludes with recommendations to improve the situation in Bangladesh.

PDF Adolescent Reproductive Health in Bangladesh
The reproductive health needs of young women are quite different from those of young men, principally because of their young age at marriage. According to WHO, worldwide, girls younger than 18 are up to five times more likely to die in childbirth than are women in their twenties. Adolescents and youth in Bangladesh are particularly vulnerable to health risks, especially in the area of reproductive health.
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Book Reproductive Health Specialist

This book content proview Some of the most important world issues facing family planning right now include emphasis on reproductive rights, and the need to assure that the use of family planning is voluntary.” Students particularly those in master’s and doctoral programs who are interested in working in global reproductive health, can apply for internships such as the Family Health International (FHI) internship program in special projects. Students can also gain experience through FHI’s new program YouthNet, a global program committed to improving the reproductive health and HIV/AIDS prevention behaviors of youth 10-24 years of age.

Family Health International works to improve reproductive and family health around the world through biomed- ical and social science research, innovative health service delivery interven- tions and training and information programs. The organization works in partnership with universities, ministries of health and non-governmental organizations to conduct ongoing projects in the U.S. and more than 40 developing countries. The specific roles of reproductive health professionals depend on their particular areas of focus. A health educator might work to provide information and referral services, or possibly to provide health education at schools and to community organizations. In many countries, reproductive health specialists work in community programs rather than in clinics.

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Cancer of the lung, like all cancers, results from an abnormality in the body’s basic unit of life, the cell. Normally, the body maintains a system of checks and balances on cell growth so that cells divide to produce new cells only when new cells are needed. Disruption of this system of checks and balances on cell growth results in an uncontrolled division and proliferation of cells that eventually forms a mass known as a tumo Lung cancer is a malignant disease that occurs in the lung tissue.

Did You Know?

The main causes of death in cancer cases is LUNG CANCER. Lung cancer contribute to 32% of deaths in men and 25% in women with cancer.
From 180.000 of people convicted by lung cancer each year in U.S, 86% will died in 5 YEARS since diagnosed.

In order to understand lung cancer, it is important for us to understand how the structure of the human lung and how it works.

Lungs is a pair of sponge shaped organ which located in the chest. Right lung has 3 lobes while left lung has 2 lobes, as shown in the picture below.

Left lung is smaller than right lung because the heart takes up more space on the side of this body. The lungs bring air in and out of the body. They are taking in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide (respiratory residual substances).

Lining around the lungs called the Pleura, helps protect the lungs and allows them to move during breathing. Windpipe (trachea) brings air into the lungs. The trachea was divided into tubes called Bronchi, which then divided again into smaller branches called Bronchioles. At the end of these small branches are tiny air sacs called Alveoli.

Lung cancer can spread to the pleura. Cancer interrupt the pleura and then they make much of fluid that take up the space of the lung should occupy when you breathe in. This is called pleural effusion.
Lung Cancer Causes

In most case, lung cancer is causes by cigarette smoking. Even some people who never smoked still get lung cancer, but statistics prove that about 90% of lung cancer patients were active smokers or former smokers.

These because tobacco contain over 4,000 chemicals, which 50 of them are known as Carcinogens (which means Cancer causing agents) that cause the actual damage to the cells in the lungs. A cell that is damaged may become cancerous in some period of time.

The risk of developing lung cancer increases with the number of cigarettes smoked especially if the person starts to smoke at a young age. The risk of developing lung cancer may be reduced slightly if you smoke filtered cigarettes, but it still far better for those who are QUIT SMOKING. Lung cancer has always been more common in men, especially those over the age of 40, as more men used to smoke than women.
Other Causes and Risk Factors for Lung Cancer

1. Exposure to Radon gas
The second most risk factor for lung cancer is exposure to radon gas. Radon is a radioactive gas which occurs naturally in soil in certain areas, that may cause lung cancer if it seeps into your home.

2. Lung cancer screening
Screening means testing people for early stages of the disease before they have symptoms. Before screening for any type of cancer. Tests must be reliable in dealing a cancer that was there. And not have to give a false positives result in people who do not have cancer.

Lung cancer is often picked up on chest X-rays. But when it is diagnosed in this way, often quite advanced. Researches is trying to find another screening test that can help to diagnose lung cancer earlier. They are looking at a scan called CT Scan for people at high risk of lung cancer.

3. Air pollution
One study showed that people who live in areas with high levels of nitrogen oxides (generally from cars and other vehicles) have an increased risk of lung cancer by 30%

12 Health Benefits of Ginger:

Ginger is a tropical plant that belongs to Ginger family (Zingiberaceae), a plant family that includes turmeric, cardamom, and galangal. Ginger plant is originated in Southeast Asian and mainly cultivated for its rhizomes (roots) which are used as a spice in Asian cuisine.  Source : Via

However, its healing properties did not go unnoticed in China and in India where ginger is used today to cure various diseases and health problems. The health benefits of ginger include the following:

Aids in digestion
Ginger root and ginger oil are probably the best herbs for digestion. They are often used for treating abdominal pain, dyspepsia, colic, cramps, diarrhea, indigestion, and bowel or stomach related problems. Ginger tea is also used to relieve stomach problems and helps increase one’s appetite.
Reduces respiratory problems
Since ginger is a good expectorant, it is effective in combating various respiratory problems such as colds, coughs, flu, bronchitis, asthma, and shortness of breath. Ginger is also very effective in removing mucus from the throat and lungs. The health benefits of honey and ginger in treating respiratory problems are well known.
Protects against ulcers
Due to its promotion of mucus secretion, ginger protects against the development of ulcers, unwanted holes in your stomach lining
Relieve arthritis pain
Ginger is also well-known for its anti-inflammatory properties. Indian and Scandinavian studies have consistently shown that ginger is useful for relieving most kinds of arthritis.
Treats food poisoning
Ginger is antiseptic and carminative. As a result, it can be used to treat food poisoning. It is also can be used to treat intestinal infections and dysentery bacteria.
Relieve nausea and vomiting
Studies suggest that the short term use of ginger root can effectively relieve pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting as well as nausea caused by motion sickness, chemotherapy or surgery.
Reduces the risk of heart disease
Ginger root extract can help reduce the LDL cholesterol, and thus reducing the risk of heart disease such as stroke and heart attack.
Reduces high blood pressure
Ginger increases and stimulates circulation and relaxes the muscles surrounding blood vessels, facilitating the flow of blood throughout the body.
Fight ovarian cancer
Ginger may be a powerful weapon in the treatment of ovarian cancer. In a study conducted at University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, ginger has been found to kill cancer cells in ovarian tissue.
Prevent colon cancer
Ginger contains Gingerols, an active compound which are found to be effective in preventing and treating colon cancer.
Prevents migraine
Research has shown that ginger powder is able to stop the effects of prostaglandins, which may cause inflammation in blood vessels, leading to migraines.
Benefits for Hair
Ginger is also useful for hair treatment. The juice of ginger is useful in treating dandruff.

When you’re going to purchase ginger, choose the fresh rhizome over the dried one. In addition to has a better aroma and taste, it also contains higher levels of the active compound gingerol.

Food poisoning can affect anyone who ate the contaminated food. The food might gets contaminated either during the manufacturing or processing. In most cases, food poisoning is caused by undercooked, improper prepared food or those food materials are stored in an inadequate manner. Since in most cases of food poisoning is occurred due to improper prepared, storage and cooked, so by understanding how to prepare, cook and store food properly can greatly reduce your risk for food poisoning.

Here are some best ways to help you prevent food poisoning:

Here are some best ways to help you prevent food poisoning:

1. Always wash your hands with warm water and soap before preparing food.
2. Keep kitchen and its utensils clean.
3. Use separate cutting boards and utensils for raw and cooked foods. A knife used to cut raw food may have bacteria on it, which can be transferred to other foods.
4. Wash fruits and vegetables with water before eating and further preparation.
5. Defrost food completely before cooking.
6. Keep pets away from food.
7. Make sure foods are thoroughly cooked before eating. Meat should not have any pink bits.
8. Avoid contact between raw and cooked foods. Store raw meat, poultry and fish at the bottom of the fridge and cooked food at the top of the fridge.
9. Store all perishable foods at 5 ° C or less.
10. Keep canned foods in a clean and cool dry place.
11. Throw away food that does not smell right and / or has fungus on it.
12. Always check “use by” date or “best before” date marked on the packaged foods before eating them.

Signs Symptoms Effect of Drug Addiction

With the rapid increase of drug abuse among teenagers and even adults all over the world, many people usually don’tDrug Abuse Teenagers understand why they always prefer drugs to relatives, or are stressed with the issues of finances or even why they are always in loggerheads with the law. According to scientists and researchers, effects on drug abuse causes not only physical harm but also affects the mental status of a person. This is because drug abuse is routine happening that often causes some brain changes resulting in stronger and stronger impulses to use.

Signs Symptoms Effect of Drug Addiction

With the rapid increase of drug abuse among teenagers and even adults all over the world, many people usually don’tDrug Abuse Teenagers understand why they always prefer drugs to relatives, or are stressed with the issues of finances or even why they are always in loggerheads with the law. According to scientists and researchers, effects on drug abuse causes not only physical harm but also affects the mental status of a person. This is because drug abuse is routine happening that often causes some brain changes resulting in stronger and stronger impulses to use.
Health and Beauty

When an individual gets himself into an excessive consumption of drugs despite the emotional, physical or social problems, this usually leads to an addiction.

Drug addictions always do come with a weighty price which can vary from mild itching to comas and then death. There exist so many reasons which lead people to start indulging into drugs, some think that by taking drugs, they can avoid problems in life, do away with physical or mental pains or even help them feel more active. Some indulge in drugs after being prescribed by doctors to reduce chronic pains using Effexor, the medication is supposedly use to treat the patient. However, in the process they get addicted if they attain their desires.

Signs Symptoms Effect of Drug Addiction
There are a wide variety of drugs which are illegal. This include; cocaine, steroids, ecstasy, marijuana e.t.c. every drug has its own kind of effect on an individual and also produces different results. For example users of marijuana and hallucinogenic drugs may suffer from flashbacks and unwanted recurrences of drugs even months after withdrawal while cocaine effect is nervousness depression and strong desire to use more cocaine. But most of these illegal drugs have common effects of addiction found on those who are drug addicts

Effects of drugs on society usually shows itself when the person becomes inefficient in work. Those who use drugs are likely to have work-related accidents therefore endangering their life and those who are around them. Families also feel the effect of the drug when it leads to marital problems since the spouse may unable to supply money or take care of his family

Signs Symptoms Effect of Drug Addiction
Drug addiction can also cause Psychological and social effects, in that, those who are addicted usually are unable to control it. For example when some go without drugs, they become agitated, get depressed, uneasy, and there desire for taking more drugs usually increases. In most countries the use of drugs are illegal therefore this makes them to be very expensive and inaccessible. Drug is also linked with the increase of crime in many parts of the world. This is true because those who are addicted can steal for the sake of getting money to buy drugs.

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Benefits of Honey and Tips Health 

Benefits of Honey and Tips Health

Honey is composed mostly of sugar in the form of fructose and glucose, which give it the sweetness. As with all nutritive sweeteners, honey is mostly sugars but it also contains traces of vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and amino acids.

The honey has been used for thousands of years as a sweetener and flavoring in various foods and beverages by many cultures around the world. It is the main ingredient in the alcoholic beverage mead, which is also known as honey beer or honey wine.

Benefits of Honey and Tips Health

In addition to being a natural sweetening agent, honey is also has a long history of medicinal use, ranging from treating a variety of ailments to skin care. Let’s take a look at the some health benefits of honey for human body:

1. Antibacterial properties
   Honey has a powerful antibacterial effect which helps prevent the growth of harmful bacteria in the body.
2. Aids in digestion
   The antibacterial and antioxidant properties in honey help improve digestive system and prevent diarrhea. Adding honey to diary product such as yoghurt and sour milk can improve your digestion and bowel movements.
3. Acne remedy
   Due to its anti-microbial properties, applying honey on pimples will stop bacteria from spreading and promote a clear and fresh-looking complexion. For better result, mix honey with cinnamon powder and apply paste on the pimples before sleeping and wash away the next morning.
4. Avoid hair loss
   The use of honey for treating hair loss has been widely known throughout the ages. A 2001 study conducted by the Dubai Specialized Medical Center discovered, patients with hair loss experienced an improvement in the condition after rubbed honey onto their scalp with for 2 to 3 minutes a day.Mix one tablespoon of honey with a teaspoon of cinnamon in a bowl. Apply the mixture on hair scalp before bath and leave it for 15 min and clean it.
5. Dental care
   Honey has antibacterial and antiseptic properties, which known to help with a toothache. To get it started, simply apply a paste of honey and cinnamon powder on the affected tooth. Gargling a mixture of one teaspoon of honey, cinnamon powder and hot water may also help keep your breath fresh throughout the day.
6. Cures colds and sore throat
   Honey has been used for centuries as a treatment for coughs and sore throat. It has been proven to be very effective. In fact, Italian opera singers used honey whenever they have sore throats so that they can sing well. The Chinese believe that excess “heatiness” in the body can cause sore throat and honey drink can be helpful in relieving it. Take a teaspoon of honey to soothe the inflammation or gargle with a mixture of two tablespoons of honey, four tablespoons of lemon juice and a pinch of salt.For common cold, drinking a warm glass of water mixed with a teaspoon of honey and squeezed lime juice may provide quick relief for cold.
7. Good for diabetics
   Honey contains simple sugar and is converted directly to liver glycogen. It produces an optimum blood glucose and insulin response in the body. Compared to the intake of other sweeteners, such as refined sugar, insulin levels are lower when taking honey. That’s why honey is a good sugar substitute for diabetic. However, not all honey sold in markets are 100% pure honey. Some may had been mixed with water and sugar, so you should be more careful when choosing a honey for diabetic patients.
8. Weight loss
   If you are looking to lose weight, honey can be of great help to you. Although it do contains sugar. However, unlike refined sugar, honey also contains vitamins and minerals that are important for body’s metabolism and energy production.One tablespoon of honey contains approximately 70 calories, while the same amount of sugar contains 45 calories. Though honey has more calories than sugar, honey when consumed with warm water helps in burning fat stored in your body. Mix honey with cinnamon powder may also help in reducing weight.
9. Boosts Energy
   Another health benefit of honey is its capabilities to provide immediate energy boost.
   The fructose in honey is absorbed more slowly by the body providing a sustained energy, while glucose in honey is easily absorbed by the body and gives an instant energy boost. Honey is also can help regain stamina and prevent fatigue during exercise. This is why honey is a great source of energy for athlete and people who are active in physical activities. Products such as honey milk and energy bars with honey are very popular meals among athletes.

Health and nutritional benefits of cabbage

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) is a vegetable that belongs to the Brassica or cruciferous family, which also includes broccoli, kale, cauliflower and brussels sprouts. This vegetable can grow in any types of soil but grows especially well in fertile soils – the more fertile the soil, the faster the cabbage grows.

Cabbage is one of the oldest vegetable plants and is believed to be originated in Asia and the Mediterranean. Today, cabbage is probably one of the most widely cultivated plants worldwide in both tropical and semitropical regions.

There are approximately 400 varieties of cabbage throughout the world varying in shape (from round to conical), size (from four to eight inches) and color (green, white, red, and purple leaves). The most common is the round, light green variety.

Cabbage is an economical and versatile vegetable that is easy to find in any supermarket and it gives you a huge nutritional value. This vegetable can be eaten cooked or raw, but it often added to soups or stews. In Germany, cabbage is pickle in vinegar and served as Sauerkraut.

Apart from being used in variety of dishes, Cabbage is also provides many health benefits. In fact, cabbage is rich in various phytonutrients and vitamins like vitamin A, C & K. These all are natural antioxidants, which help prevent cancer and heart disease inducing free radicals.

Cabbage is also a good source of dietary fiber, providing nearly 15 percent of daily recommended dietary intake. Fiber is very important for ensuring the body’s digestive system is functioning at optimum level. Some positive health benefits of cabbage are as given below:

Prevent cancer growth
Cabbage contains several cancer fighting properties, including lupeol, sinigrin, diindolylmethane (DIM), indole-3-carbinol (I3C), and sulforaphane, which may help trigger enzyme defenses and inhibit tumor growth. The I3C and sulforaphane compounds in cabbage have both been shown increase the anti-cancer effects of the chemotherapy drug Taxol. One study of Chinese women found that consumption of cruciferous vegetables (such as cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower and Brussels sprouts) was associated with a significant reduced breast cancer risk.
Treat peptic ulcers
Cabbage is one of the best natural remedies for stomach ulcers (called peptic ulcers). A study at the Stanford University School of Medicine found that fresh cabbage juice is very effective in treating peptic ulcers. The anti-ulcer properties of cabbage are due to the high glutamine content in it.
Anti-inflammatory properties
Cabbage is good source of the amino acid glutamine and is believed to help those who are suffering from any type of inflammation.
Boosts immune system
Due to its high amount of Vitamin C, cabbage helps strengthen the Immune System and help the body fight against free radicals.
Prevent cataract risk
Cabbage is also high in beta-carotene which helps protect against age-related macular degeneration and prevent cataracts.
Weight loss diet
Cabbage is a great diet choice for those who are looking for lose weight. One cup of cooked cabbage contains just only 33 calories. That’s why people who are on the cabbage soup diet can eat endless amounts of the soup without gaining weight, while still staying healthy.
Reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease
Recent research has shown that eating red cabbage may reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Red cabbage contains vitamin K and anthocyanin, an antioxidant to help reduces plaque on the brain, thus can help prevent Alzheimer’s disease.
Relieve constipation
The high fiber content in cabbage helps stimulate the digestive system, and thus relieving constipation.
Skin care
The antioxidants in cabbage help protect the skin from free radical damage known to cause signs of aging.
Relieve muscle soreness
Cabbage contains lactic acid which known to help relieve muscles soreness.

To obtain the most health benefits of cabbage, avoid overcooking cabbage since it decreases its nutritional value especially vitamin C and the remaining nutrients will become more difficult to be digested. Cabbage can be eaten in various ways such as boiled, steamed, sauted, stir-fried or even roasted. But cabbage is most nutritious when eaten raw. Add sliced or grated raw leaves in vegetable salad for more taste….